Involvement of Opioid Peptides in the Analgesic Effect of Spinal Cord Stimulation in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain / 神经科学通报·英文版

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS)-induced analgesia was characterized, and its underlying mechanisms were examined in a spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain in rats. The analgesic effect of SCS with moderate mechanical hypersensitivity was increased with increasing stimulation intensity between the 20% and 80% motor thresholds. Various frequencies (2, 15, 50, 100, 10000 Hz, and 2/100 Hz dense-dispersed) of SCS were similarly effective. SCS-induced analgesia was maintained without tolerance within 24 h of continuous stimulation. SCS at 2 Hz significantly increased methionine enkephalin content in the cerebrospinal fluid. The analgesic effect of 2 Hz was abolished by μ or κ opioid receptor antagonist. The effect of 100 Hz was prevented by a κ antagonist, and that of 10 kHz was blocked by any of the μ, δ, or κ receptor antagonists, suggesting that the analgesic effect of SCS at different frequencies is mediated by different endorphins and opioid receptors.

Sequence analysis suggests positive selection on the bovine prodynorphin gene / Análisis de secuencias genómicas sugieren que el gen de la prodinorfina está bajo selección positiva en bovinos

ABSTRACT Dynorphin A is an endogenous opioid peptide that is part of the KNDy system in the hypothalamus of mammals. This peptide acts as an inhibitor of the GnRH pulse generation, thus regulating the onset of puberty and reproductive cycles. The PDYN gene encodes the propeptide Prodynorphin, the precursor of Dynorphin A. Despite its physiological relevance, PDYN has not emerged as a candidate gene associated with puberty in genomic association studies conducted in cattle. The present work aimed to search for signatures of selection on the PDYN gene among cattle breeds. To this, the whole genome sequences from 57 samples of ten cattle breeds were used. The samples were grouped based on breed selection history and their productive differences, particularly in terms of sexual precocity. The population structure was analyzed using Principal Component Analyses. To evidence recent selection processes, neutrality tests, such as Tajima's D and Fu & Li's F* and D* were performed in defined functional regions of PDYN. The putative promoter of PDYN showed a population structure that is in agreement with the criteria considered to make the groups. In that region, neutrality tests were consistently negative and resulted in statistically significant for the dairy breeds. Also, these breeds exhibited less variability in the haplotype analyses than the others. The results presented here suggest that regulatory regions of PDYN could be under positive selection, particularly in dairy breeds.

RESUMEN Dinorfina A es un péptido opioide endógeno que forma parte del sistema KNDy en el hipotálamo de mamíferos. Este péptido actúa como inhibidor de la generación de los pulsos de GnRH, regulando así el inicio de la pubertad y los ciclos reproductivos. El gen PDYN codifica el propéptido Prodinorfina, precursor de Dinorfina A. A pesar de su relevancia fisiológica, PDYN no ha surgido como gen candidato asociado a pubertad en estudios de asociación genómicos en bovinos. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo buscar huellas de selección en el gen PDYN entre diferentes razas bovinas. Para alcanzarlo se utilizaron secuencias genómicas de 57 muestras de diez razas bovinas. Las muestras fueron agrupadas considerando la historia de selección y las diferencias productivas entre razas, particularmente en términos de precocidad sexual. La estructura poblacional fue analizada usando análisis de componentes principales. Para evidenciar procesos de selección recientes se realizaron pruebas de neutralidad, tales como D de Tajima y F* y D* de Fu & Li, en diferentes regiones funcionales de PDYN. El promotor putativo de PDYN mostró una estructura poblacional que es consistente con los criterios usados para agrupar las razas. En esa región, las pruebas de neutralidad fueron consistentemente negativas y estadísticamente significativas en las razas lecheras. Además, estas razas también exhibieron menor variabilidad en los análisis de haplotipos que las demás razas. Los resultados presentados aquí sugieren que regiones regulatorias de PDYN estarían bajo selección positiva, particularmente en razas bovinas lecheras.

Clinical trials of acupuncture treatment of post-stroke shoulder pain / 针刺研究

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical therapeutic effect of "Tiaoshen Zhitong" (mental regulating and pain relieving) needling and its influence on serological indicators in the treatment of post-stroke shoulder pain, so as to provide new therapeutic thoughts and approach for post-stroke shoulder pain. METHODS: A total of 80 inpatients with post-stroke shoulder pain were randomly divided into a control group (routine needling, 39 cases) and an observation group ("Tiaoshen Zhitong" needling, 41 cases) according to the random number table. Patients of the two groups accepted basic medication treatment including anticoagulants, hypotensive drugs, hypoglycermic drugs, lipid-lowering drugs, etc. In addition, patients of the control group were also treated by routine acupuncture stimulation (uniform reinforcing-reducing stimulation) of Jianyu (LI15), Jianqian (EX-UE12), Jianhou (Extra), Jianliao (TE14), Waiguan (TE5) and Hegu (LI4) on the affected side, and those of the observation group also treated by "Tiaoshen Zhitong" needling of Ear-Shenmen (MA-TF1), bilateral Neiguan (PC6, lifting-thrusting-reducing method), Shuigou (GV26, lifting-thrusting-reducing method), and Jianyu (LI15), Jianliao(TE14), Jianzhen (SI9) and Yanglingquan (GB34, the latter 4 points were stimulated with uniform reinforcing-reducing method) on the affected side. The treatment was given once every day, 6 days a week for 4 weeks. The pain severity was assessed by using visual analogue scale (VAS), the upper limb function evaluated by using Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) scale, the shoulder-joint function evaluated by using Constant-Murley score (CMS) questionnaire, and the daily living ability assessed by using Barthel index (BI) scale. The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the contents of serum beta-endorphin (β-EP), enkephalin (ENK) and dynorphin (Dyn). The clinical therapeutic effect was evaluated by using Nimodipine scale method. RESULTS: Of the 39 and 41 cases in the control and observation groups, 7(17.95%) and 12(29.27%) were basically cured, 12(30.77%) and 13(31.71%) experienced marked improvement, 8(20.51%) and 11(26.83%) were effective, 12(30.77%) and 5 (12.19%) failed, with the total effective rate being 69.23% and 87.80%, respectively. The effective rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). After the treatment, the VAS score was obviously reduced (P<0.01), and the scores of FMA scale, CMS questionnaire and BI scale, and contents of serum β-EP, ENK and Dyn were all increased obviously in the two groups compared with their own pre-treatment (P<0.01). The therapeutic effect of "Tiaoshen Zhitong" needling was significantly superior to that of the routine needling in lowering VAS, and in raising scores of FMA scale, CMS questionnaire and BI scale and in up-regulating serum β-EP, ENK and Dyn levels (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: "Tiaoshen Zhitong" needling is effective in reducing post-stroke shoulder pain and improving the motor function of the upper limb and shoulder-joint as well as the quality of daily life in stroke patients with shoulder pain. Its analgesic effect is probably related to the increase of the levels of serum β-EP, ENK and Dyn.

Expression of lentivirus-mediated rat prodynorphin gene in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells / 医学研究生学报

Objective Dynorphins have advantages in powerful analgesic effect, high safety, no respiratory depression and no addiction, which is the emphasis of analgesic research at present. The aim of the article was to explore the expression of lentivirus-mediated rat prodynorphin gene in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells( BM-MSCs) and contribute to the subsequent studies on bio-logical analgesia in cancer pain of rat model. Methods BM-MSCs were isolated and proliferated using the adherence screening meth-od, and further identified by flow cytometry, adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation experiments. The PDYN lentiviral vectors in rats were transfected into BM-MSCs after construction. The expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) was detected under inversion fluo-rescence microscope and the best multiplicity of infection ( MOI ) of virus was screened by western blot. There are three groups in the ex-periment: blank group, experimental group ( PCDH-CMV-PDYN-EF1-copGFP ) and empty vector group ( PCDH-CMV-MCS-EF1-copGFP). PYDN gene was determined by qPCR and western blot, while DYN protein was detected by immunochemical method.Results BM-SMCs were in longspindle-shape and fibrocyte-like adherent growth, most in expression of CD29, CD44 and CD90, and a few in CD45. The oil red-O staining of the induced cells by adipogenic differentiation was positive. The mineralized nodules formed in the induced cells by osteogenic differentiation were orange after alizarin red staining. Flow cytometry detection showed the positive rates of CD29, CD90, CD44 and CD45 were respectively (99.80±0.19)%, (99.62±0.24)%, (96.86±1.27)%, (0.82±0.06)%, while after transfection the positive rates were (99.59±0.34)%, (98.06±1.27)%, (95.23±0.71)%, (10.23±0.59)%, representing no sig-nificant difference before and after PDYN transfection. Lentiviral vector of PCDH-CMV-PDYN-EF1-copGFP was successfully construc-ted after the identification of PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing. The titer of recombined lentiviruses was 5×106IU/mL. The best MOI of lentiviruses was 100 according to the results of GFP and western blot. Western blot and qPCR suggested PDYN gene signif-icantly increased in BM-MSCs after lentiviral transfection ( P<0.05) , and immunohistochemical staining indicated DYN protein also in-creased greatly. Conclusion BM-MSCs are successfully cultured and the overexpressed rat PDYN gene lentivirus vector is also suc-cessfully constructed;PDYN gene is highly and stably expressed and DYN protein is secreted in BM-MSCs.

Effect of Early Acupuncture at Huatuo Jiajipoints on Striatalβ-endorphin and Dynorphin Levels in MCAO Rats / 上海针灸杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of early acupuncture at Huatuo jiaji points on striatalβ-endorphin and dynorphin levels in rats with post-stroke limb spasm.Methods Seventy SD rats were randomized into group A (normal) of 9 rats and group B (sham operation) of 10 rats. After a model of post-stroke limb spasm was made in the remaining rats, they were randomized into groups C (model), D (acupuncture at Huatuo jiaji points) and E (baclofen). Group D received acupuncture at Huatuo jiaji points and group E, an oral gavage of baclofen tablets. After seven days of treatment, striatalβ-endorphin and dynorphin levels were neasured by radioimmunoassay.Resultsβ-endorphin levels increased significantly in groups C, D and E compared with groups A and B (P0.05). Dynorphin levels increased significantly in groups C, D and E compared with groups A and B (P0.05).Conclusions Acupuncture at Huatuo jiaji points can increase striatalβ-endorphin levels but not change striatal dynorphin levels, which conforms to the relationship between enkephalin and spasm, and improve the animal’s spasticity.

Dynorphin A (1-17) was Selective tomicro-Opioid Receptor in Agonist-Stimulated 35S GTPgammaS Binding in Cortical and Thalamic Membranes of Monkey / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Dynorphin A (1-17) is conceived as an endogenous opioid peptide with a high degree of selectivity forkappa- opioid receptor even though it has been reported to sometimes act like amicro- opioid agonist. The aim of this study was to investigate [35S] GTPgammaS binding stimulated activation by dynorphin A (1-17) in the cerebral and thalamic membranes of a rhesus monkey. METHODS: The rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta, male, n = 1) was euthanized for the preparation of the cerebral and thalamic membranes. Protein concentrations were determined by the Bradford method. In the dynorphin A (1-17)-stimulated [35S] GTPgammaS binding dose-response curve, EC50 (effective concentration 50 nM) and maximum stimulation (% over basal) were determined in the absence or presence of themicro-andkappa-opioid receptor antagonists naloxone (20 nM) and norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI, 3 nM), respectively. E2078-stimulated [35S] GTPgammaS binding was also determined in the absence or presence ofmicro-andkappa-opioid receptor antagonists in the cortical membrane and compared with dynorphin A (1-17). RESULTS: Values of EC50 and maximum stimulation of dynorphin A (1-17)-stimulated [35S] GTPgammaS binding were as follows: cortex (474 nM/32.0%) and thalamus (423 nM/45.3%). Nor-BNI (3 nM) did not antagonize dynorphin A (1-17)-stimulated [35S] GTPgammaS binding at all in cortical or thalamic membrane, but naloxone (20 nM) produced a 12.2 fold rightward shift of the dynorphin A (1-17)-stimulated [35S] GTPgammaS binding dose-response curve in the thalamic membrane. The EC50 and the maximum stimulation of E2078-stimulated [35S] GTPgammaS binding were 65.6 nM and 22.7%, respectively. In E2078-stimulated [35S] GTPgammaS binding, the dose-response curve was antagonized not by nor-BNI but by naloxone but in the cortical membrane (a 14.2 times rightward shift). CONCLUSIONS: Dynorphin A (1-17) is selective formicro-opioid receptor in agonist-stimulated [35S] GTPgammaS binding in the cortical and thalamic membranes of rhesus monkey.

INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF PRODYNORPHIN ANTISENSE OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE SUPPRESSES BOTH PRODUCTION OF DYNORPHIN A IN DORSAL HORN AND BEHAVIORAL NOCICEPTIVE RESPONSES INDUCED BY FORMALIN TEST / 神经解剖学杂志

By using intrathecal administration of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) against preprodynorphin mRNA in rats, we observed that this treatment could block both the formalin-induced behavioral nociceptive responses and the increased expression of dynorphin A (1-8) in the dorsal horn, with the increased expression of c-Fos protein being unchanged. For we have reported that intrathecal administration of AS-ODN against c-fos mRNA blocks the nociceptive responses and both the increased Fos protein and dynorphin A (1-8), the results of the present study suggest that: (1) Nociceptively induced spinal expression of dyorphin and Fos protein is involved in the transmission of nociceptive information at the spinal level and the expression of Fos protein is the up-stream event. (2) dynorphin may act as a pronociceptive, not an antinociceptive, factor in the modulation of the spinal hyperalgesic state.

Clinical study on opioid polypeptides involved in epidemic encephalitis-B pathogenesis / 中国实用内科杂志

Objectives In order to study the endogenous opioid polypeptides involved in pathogenesis of epidemic encephalitis-B and the clinical therapeutic efficacy.Methods ①Leucine-enkephalin,?-endophin and Dynorphin levels in plasma and and CSF of patients with epidemic encephalitis-B during critical stage and convalescent stage were measured by radio-immunoassay.②Naloxone therapeutic efficacy in patients with epidemic encephalitis-B were investigated.Results Opioid polypeptides levels In plasma and CSF were significantly higher in critical stage and dropped to normal levels in convalescent stage.③We demonstrated that endogenous opioid polypeptides special antagnoist agent-Naloxone was a very important therapy agent for epidemic encephalitis-B patients.Therapy group efficacy was significantly better than control group.Conclusions These results demonstrate that endogenous opioid polypeptides involves in the physiopathologic changes of epidemic encephalitis-B.

Effect of Melatonin on the Level of Dynorphin in Rat Brain / 复旦学报（医学版）

Purpose　To observe the changes of dynorphin-like immunoreactivities of neurons in some rat brain nuclei that are related to analgesia following exogenous administration of melatonin.　Methods　The experimental rats were divided into two groups, injected intraperitoneally with melatonin 110 mg/kg and with vehicle, respectively. One hour after the injection, the rat brain was processed for coronal sections. The sections were stained with immunohistochemical ABC technique. The integral optical density (IOD) of the stained section was measured by the computer-assisted image processing technique.　Results　Dynorphin-like immunoreactivities in the supraoptic nucleus and nucleus raphe dorsalis showed obvious reduction following the single injection of melatonin.IOD values in the above nuclei were decreased significantly (P<0.01) with the melatonin treatment. In the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray and nucleus raphe magnus, there was no difference (P>0.05) about the IOD values between melatonin-treated group and vehicle-treated group.　Conclusions　Melatonin may result in the decrease of dynorphin content in the supraoptic nucleus and nucleus raphe dorsalis.

Relationship of Longitudinal Extent of Hippocampal Sclerosis to Clinical Characteristics, Hippocampal Neuronal Cell Loss and Dynorphin-Immunoreactivity Patterns in Intractable Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with Hippocampal Sclerosis / 대한간질학회지

PURPOSE: In mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Hippocampl sclerosis (HS) is a pathologic substrate and characterized by significant neuronal loss and band-like synaptic reorganization in dentate inner molecular layer (DGIML) og sclerotic hippocampus with either Timm`s staining or Dynorphin (Dyn)-immunohistochemical staining methods. Hippocampus has neuronal synaptic circuitries of both intralamellar and translamellar patterns, from which we may hypothesize that longitudinal extent of HS represents variable pathophysiologic implications of neuronal injury, ictogenesis and epileptogenesis in mesial TLE. We tested the hypothesis. METHODS: Eleven mesial TLE patients with HS on MRI were recruited from epilepsy surgery registry. Resected hippocampal slices were stained with Dyn immunohistochemical method. We classified them into cases with partial HS and thoes with extensive HS according to longitudinal HS extent,. Between the two groups, clinical characteristics of seizures or epilepaies, Hippocampal neuronal density and neuronal loss. and Dynimmunoreactivity (IR) patterns were compared and analyzed. Dyn-IR pattern was classified as presence or absence of DGIML band and of CA3-IR. RESULTS: Nine cases showed extensive HS whereas two were classified as partial HS. There appeared no significant differences in clinical characteristics, neuronal density, neuronal loss and Dyn-IR patterns between those with extensive and partial HS. CONCLUSION: In this study, we could not prove the hypothesis that difference in HS extend on MRI may represent distinctive variabliity in severity of hippocampal neuronal injury and in ictiogenetic or epileptogenetic pathophysiology.

Glutamate Involved in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury Induced by Dynorphin A (1-17) / 中国康复理论与实践

@# Intrathecal (I. T.)administration of K opioid dynorphin A (1-17) is used as a model of neurological dysfunction which lnvolved in spinal cord injury and secondary affection according to several previous reports. 5-amlno-2-phosphoveroleric acid (APV ), an NMDA receptor antagonist, can significantlly prevent the hindlimb paralysis in rats produced by I. T. dynorPhin A (1-17). To further investigate the mechanisms, we establis11 a nlodel of [3H]L,-Glu release in rats spinal slices influenced by dynorphin A (dynA ) (1-17). [3H]L-Glu release evoked by high [K+] (5Ommol/L,)is a Ca2+-dependent process. DynA (1-17) slgnificantly inhibited [3H]L,-Glu release at 1O-8mol/L,, but very significantly enhanced [3H]L-Glu release at 10-6 mol /L. The synthetic k agonist U50, 488H, which has no neurotoxic effect, inhibited [3H]L-Glu release at both high and low concentrations and did not have any enhancing effect. The results suggest that the analgesic effect of dynA (1-17) at physiological dosage may be rnediated by presynaptic K opioid receptor through the inhibition of Ca2+ influx and L-Glu release;but dynA (1-l7)enhanced L-Glu release through a non-opioid pathway and induced hindlimb paralysis at high neurotoxic dosage.

The Gene Expression of Dynorphin, Enkephalin, c-Fos in the Neuropathic Rat / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: We studied the time course of gene expression of dynorphin, enkephalin, c-fos, and the changes of allodynia, and the effect of chemical sympathectomy on the gene expression and allodynia in neuropathic rat. METHODS: In two groups of rat (Sprague-Dawley), the left L5 and L6 spinal nerves were tight ligated. In gene expression group (N=25), behavioral tests for mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia were perfomed for the next two weeks. After the test of allodynia, the expression of dynorphin, enkephalin, c-fos were assessed by Northern blot hybridization. In chemical sympathectomy group (N=16), after chemical sympathectomy (guanethidine 70 mg/kg intraperitoneally, from postoperative 7 days to 9 days), the changes of allodynia and the gene expression of enkephalin, c-fos were tested. RESULTS: Mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia was developed on the postoperative 3, 5, 7, 14 days. Preprodynorphin mRNA expression was reached peak level at the postoperative 8 hrs, sustained increase by the postoperative 3 days, but preproenkephalin mRNA expression increased slightly after operation. c-Fos mRNA expression was increased immediately at the postoperative 30 min, 1 hr, returned to normal level thereafter, and increased again on the postoperative 3, 5, 7 days that neuropathic pain was developed. Mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia were decreased by chemical sympathectomy. The increased c-fos mRNA expression and pain at postoperative 7 days was reduced by chemical sympathectomy. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the transient gene expression of dynorphin and c-fos after tight ligation of L5 and L6 spinal nerves induces the development neuropathic pain, and late c-fos expression is related to neuropathic pain.

The Effect of Unilateral Dopaminergic Deafferentation on Kainic acid Induced Seizures in the Rat

There has been quite a number of research regarding the role of dopamine in epilepsy and it has been still very controversial, In this study, the effect of dopaminergic deafferentation on kainic acid induced seizures was evaluated with behavioral study and molecular biologic method. We produced unilateral dopaminergic deafferentation via injection of 6-hydroxydopamine at the location of right substantia nigra in the Spague- Dawley rats (250-300gm) using the stereotaxic technique under pentobarbital anesthesia. Four weeks after this procedure, kainic acid (10m9/kg) was injected into the peritoneal cavity for induction of seizures. Observations of seizure pattern and mRNA expression of c-fos, dynorphin and enkephalin were obtained in the lesion group and were compared with those in the non-lesion group in terms of behavior characteristics and in situ hybridization histochemistry. In behavior study, the results demonstrated that more severe seizure patterns (rearing, falling, tonic-clonic seizure and status epilepticus) and more fast seizure evolution time(from onset to stage V) in the lesion group than those in the non-lesion group, which may indicated statistically significant (16.21+/-12.84 min. vs 35.88+/-16.55 min., p(0.05) The results of in situ hybridization revealed that the expression of c-fos, dynorphin and enkephalin mRNAs in certain areas of brain was higher in the lesion group than that in non-lesion group; c-fos in cerebral cortex, dynorphin in dentate gyrus, enkephalin in the entorhinal cortex and amygdala nuclei. Although the lesion was unilateral, the mRNA expression patterns appeared symmetrical shape. The characteristic behavior and molecular biologic study results are suggested that the dopamine may plays a important role in control of kainic acid induced seizures.

Effects of Foot-shock, Cold and Scalding on Dynorphin B Neurons in Rat Hypothalamus / 第二军医大学学报

With the immunocytochemical PAP-floating method we studied the effects of foot-shock, cold and scalding on Dynorphin B (Dyn B) neurons in the rat hypothalamus. The results showed that in the foot-shock condition, the anteroposterior diameter of PVH (paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus) and PVM (paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, medial part) with Dyn B neurons, the total number of Dyn B neurons in PVH and the number of thick fibers in SON (supraoptic nucleus) and PVH were increased obviously; in the cold condition there was declining tendency of the total number of Dyn B neurons in PVH; and in the scalding condition the staining density of median eminence was much deeper than that in normal condition. These results imply that Dyn B neurons in the rat hypothalamus is associated with these stress responses.

THE EFFECT OF DYNORPHIN A-(1-13)ON IMMUNGREACTIVE SUBSTANCE P CONTENT IN SPINAL CORD AND ITS INTERACTION WITH THE EFFECT OF MORPHSNE / 第二军医大学学报

The interactive effects of dynorphin A-(1-13)and morphine on immunoreactive substance P(ir-sp)content in spinal cord of mice were investigated by means of radi-oimmunoassay.The spinal cord ir-sp content was apparently increased by morphine administration s.c.(5mg/kg). Dynorphin A-(1-13)injection i.c.v.also elevated the spinal cord ir-sp content in a dose-dependent fashion.The effect of dynorphin A-(1-13)plus morphine in low doses(5?g, 10?g)was similar to that of either morphine or dynophin A-(1-13)alonc .However, the effect of combinating high doses(20?g, 40?g)of dynorphin A-(1-13)with morphine showed much lesser than that of morphine or dynorphin A-(1-13)did alone.

CHANGES IN PLASMA ?-EP, Dyn AND LEK CONTENTS IN PATIENTS WITH ESSEN TIAL HYPERTENSION AND THEIR CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE / 解放军医学杂志

In this study, radioimmunoassay (RIA) was perfomed to measure the contents of opiate peptide in plasma in control group and essential hypertension (EH) group before and after treatment. The relationship between the changes in opiate peptide content and mean artery pressure (MAP) was analysed. The results showed that the contents of ?-endorphin (?-EP) and leuenkephalin (LEK.) in the EH group were lower significantly (P

Relationship between Plasma ?-endorphin or Dynorphin A and Immune Function after Burn Injury in Rats / 第二军医大学学报

The immune function of rats was markedly suppressed following burn injury. At 24 h after burn, the lymphoproliferative response to Con A and IL-1 and IL-2 production in burned rats were significantly reduced, as compared with control animals. At 72 h after burn the immune parameters as above were at the lowerest levels. At 120 h after burn, a slight elevation of immune function was observed, but still lower than the levels of controls. The results of radioimmunoassay of ?-endorphin and dynorphin A in plasma showed that the concentration of ?-endorphin in plasma was not markedly changed after burn except at 2 h after injury, and that of dynorphin A in plasma was reduced markedly after burn injury. The dynamic change of circulating dynorphin A in plasma was coincident with that of immune function. Our results suggest that burn-induced immunosuppression may be related to decrease of circulating dynorphin A levels.

The Effect of Arginine Vasopressin on ?-endorphin and Dynorphin A_(1-13) Contents in Cerebral Ischemic Regions of Mongolian gerbils / 第二军医大学学报

The effects of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on the contents of ir-?-EP and ir-Dyn A1-13 in ischemic brain regions of Mongolian gerbils were observed with radioimmunoassay in this study.The results showed that the contents of ir-?-EP were significantly increased and those of ir-Dyn A1-13 were decreased in ischemic cortex and hypothalamus after injection of AVP into the lateral ventricle. However, the contents of ir-?- EP were markedly decreased and those of ir-Dyn A1-13 were unchanged significantly in the ischemic cortex and hypothalamus after intraventricular infusion of AVP antiserum.

CHANGES IN IMMUNOREACTIVE SUBSTANCE DYNORPHIN A1-13 LEVELS IN PITUITARY AND BRAIN AREAS IN BURNED RATS / 第二军医大学学报

Dynorphin A is an endogenous opiate peptide first extracted from the pig pituitary by Goldstein in 1979.The purpose of this study was to observe the changes in dynorphin A1-13 content in the pituitary and brain areas of burned rats.Using PIA, the following results were obtained: (1)Immediately after burning, there was a significant increase of immunoreactive substance dynorphin A1-13 (ir-dyn A1-13) in the pituitary and the pontine-medullary area of the animals (P

The Dynamic Changes of Dynorphin in Plasma of Bumed Patients / 第二军医大学学报

The dynamic changes of immunoreactive dynorphin1-13 (ir-Dyn1-13) contents in 18 burned patients were studied by radioimmunoassay. It was found that ir-Dyn began to increase gradually at the onset of burn and remained at a relatively high levels by the time of preliminary wound healing. Plasma ir-Dyn increased gradually after bum and decreased abruptly before death in one severely burned patient who died of respiratory failure at the third week. The results suggest that Dyn may have a protective effect on the burned patients.